Pestle Analysis - 2113 Words

Report: The environmental factors within the PESTLE analysis which are having an impact on Charles Stanley October 2008 1.0 - Introduction to the PESTLE analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................3 2.0 – Introduction - Charles Stanley 2.1 - Pestle Analysis of Charles Stanley Stockbrokers 3.0 – Detailed Focus - Two Key Factors 3.1 – Impact factors on HR strategy and practise 3.2 – Recommendations 3.3 – Conclusions 4.0 – Conclusion Appendix References Bibliography Concept Completing a PESTLE analysis in order to see the ‘bigger picture’, can be a simple or a rather complex task, depending on how much detail is gathered and also how many people are involved as people see things differently. The six elements form detailed†¦show more content†¦The growing concern around obesity and lack of physical activity has pushed Charles Stanley to offer health club membership. Also the attitudes to work and leisure bring focus to the work hard, play hard culture and for leisure. Charles Stanley have a Ride to Work scheme in place. Having such schemes in place may incur additional costs but there are long term benefits which include higher productivity, raised morale, motivation, engagement and achieving strategic objectives. The work life balance is also an important issue as many find that work demands get in the way of other commitments so ‘being aware of different demands on time and energy’ has become increasingly difficult to manage within the HR function at Charles Stanley. (David Clutterbuck) It has become increasingly important to have family friendly policies and flexible work patterns to help employees with other commitments such as community commitments or studying. Family friendly benefits like childcare vouchers are also offered at Charles Stanley but not taken up by many because they are not publi cised enough. Other challenges recently raised within the HR dept is the lack of female labour in financial services and the ageing workforce which increases pensions costs. Technological As UK Internet usage becomes more widespread, this has encouraged Charles Stanley to support the introduction of a new Human Resources Information System (HRIS) and anShow MoreRelatedThe Pestle Analysis Of Pestle Analysis2371 Words   |  10 PagesP.E.S.T.L.E Analysis The PESTLE analysis is used to analyse the current and future predicaments of an industry that the organisation or business belongs to, thus helping to provide better strategic planning whilst gaining competitive superiority over competition. Significance of the factors that are included in the PESTLE analysis can vary depending on the market, organisation or business. For example: †¢ Businesses or organisations that are in the tourism industry may feel that environmental factorsRead MorePestle Analysis867 Words   |  4 PagesCompiling and Using a â€Å"PESTLE† Analysis 1.1 A PESTLE analysis is a tool that acts as a prompt to the staff and governors involved in the analysis of the developments in the school’s environment that could affect its risk profile. It may help them carry out a more comprehensive analysis. The initials stand for: Political e.g. a new government initiative creates the risk that the school may fail to deliver the policy or be diverted away from local priorities etc. Economic e.g. central or localRead MorePestle Analysis4848 Words   |  20 PagesAbstract This paper appraised business external and internal environments, with specific reference to the Nigerian business environment. The methodology adopted is basically theoretical and narrative based on aggregative and specific SWOT Matrix and PESTLE Analysis models, respectively, from previous studies. A review of related literature and exploration of theoretical framework provided more insight into the various factors of the environments of business. The appraisal showed that both external and internalRead MorePestle Analysis Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of PESTLE analysis 1. Define the purpose of PESTLE analysis and spell out some of the main constituents of each factor. PESTLE analysis â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis† is used to evaluate the many factors in the macro environment that will affect the decisions of managers in any organisation. It is normally carried out before a SWOT analysis which is applied for assessing an internal environment of a business (Panah, 2012). GovernmentRead MorePESTLE analysis of Inditex Essay2700 Words   |  11 Pagesfranchising (Middle East and Scandinavia).       PESTLE Review    PESTLE describes six factors that apply to all businesses, although some factors will impact one particular business to a greater or lesser extent or in a more direct or indirect manner than others. Awareness and analysis of the PESTLE factors allow companies to align themselves to these external aspects and in many cases, soften the impact that they have on business. It is worth noting that PESTLE is a model and that in reality many of theRead MorePestle Analysis Is A Management Tool1890 Words   |  8 PagesP2E2STLE ANALYSIS: According to the Cambridge Dictionaries, PESTLE analysis is a management tool that analyzes the effects of any challenges as well as strategies for the business but deals with outside factors. This tools only used by the macro environment of which it doesn’t have any full control but rather influences the challenges. Another definition for PESTLE according to the Business Studies Grade 12: a PESTLE analysis is a tool used to evaluate the macro environment to see potential threatsRead MorePestle Analysis Essay example2031 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction to the assignment and summary of the selected business. This assignment is about the factors that influences the business environment in different ways. This is about environmental analysis which is dynamic process that comprises scanning, monitoring, disseminating and forecasting. There are different factors which influences the business in 21st century. Somehow these factors have impact on the business in favour of the business and sometimes have an adverseRead MorePESTLE Analysis for Centre Parcs Essay3832 Words   |  16 PagesParc’s A PESTLE Analysis Contents 1. Introduction 2. PESTLE Analysis 2.1. What is PESTLE Analysis 2.2. Political 2.3. Economical 2.4. Social 2.5. Technological 2.6. Legislative 2.7. Environmental 3. Entrepreneurial 4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction Centre Parcs are one of the UKs leading family, self-catering holiday destinations. This report aims to analyse the company using one of the key tools available to guide strategic decision making – A PESTLE AnalysisRead MoreBusiness Benefits : Swot Analysis And Pestle Analysis1275 Words   |  6 Pages1. Valentinos, Mission Statement, Three Business Benefits, SWOT Analysis and PESTLE Analysis. - Mission Statement To guide persons to the right path in their relations with a high level of privacy and confidentiality. - Three Business Benefits - SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. The long established brand name and the stability performance as a result of the experience gained during the years of work. 2. The use of high technology and experienced staff who are ready to meet the members needs. 3Read MoreVietnam : Macro Enviroment : Pestle Analysis2808 Words   |  12 PagesVIETNAM - MACRO-ENVIROMENT: PESTLE ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 CANDYKING LTD. COMPANY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 CURRENT STRATEGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 PRODUCT CATEGORIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........6 TASK # 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 BLUE OCEAN RED OCEAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN BLUE OCEAN RED OCEAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 CANDYKING LTD. COMPANY ANALYSIS FROM RED OCEAN PROSPECTIVE

Babe Ruth Free Essays

In Baltimore, Maryland to parents George Sr. and Kate. George Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Babe Ruth or any similar topic only for you Order Now was one of eight children, although only he and his sister Marnie survived. George Jr. ‘s parents worked long hours. leaving little time to watch over him and his sister. The lack of parental guidance allowed George Jr. to become a bit unruly, often skipping school and causing trouble In the neighborhood. When George Jr. turned 7 years old, his parents realized he needed a stricter environment and therefore sent him to the St. Marys Industrial School for Boys, a school run by Catholic monks from an order of the Xaverian Brothers. St. Marys provided a strict and regimented environment that helped shape George Jr. ‘s future. Not only did George Jr. learn vocational skills, but he developed a passion and love for the game of baseball. Brother Matthias, one of the monks at St. Mary’s, took an instant liking to George Jr. and became a positive role model and father-like figure to George Jr. while at St. Marys. Brother Matthias also happened to help George Jr. refine his baseball skills, working tirelessly with him on hitting, fielding and pitching skills. George Jr. became so good at baseball that the Brothers invited Jack Dunn, owner of the Baltimore Orioles, to come watch George Jr. play. Dunn was obviously impressed, as he offered a contract to George Jr. in February 1914 after watching him for less than an hour. Since George Jr. was only 19 at the time, Dunn had to become George’s legal guardian in order to complete the contract. upon seeing George Jr. for the first time, the Orioles players referred to him as â€Å"Jack’s newest babe†, and thus the most famous nickname In American sports history was born. Thereafter, George Herman Ruth Jr. was known as the Babe. The Babe performed well for Dunn and the Orioles, leading to the sale of Babe to the Boston Red Sox by Dunn. While Babe Is most known for his prodigious power as a slugger, he started his career as a pitcher, and a very good one at that. In 1914, Babe appeared in five games for the Red Sox. pitching In four of them, He won his major league debut on July 1 1, 1914. However, due to a loaded roster, Babe was optioned to the Red Sox minor league team, the Providence Grays, where he helped lead them to he International League pennant. Babe became a permanent fixture in the Red Sox rotation In 1915, accumulating an 18-8 record with an ERA of 2. 44. He followed up his successful flrst season with a 23-12 campaign in 1916, leading the league with a 1. 75 ERA. In 1917, he went 24-13 with a 2. 01 ERA and a staggering 35 complete games in 38 starts. However, by that time, Babe had displayed enormous power In his limited plate appearances, so it was decided his bat was too good to be left out of the lineup on a dally basis. As a result. n 191 8, the transition began to turn Babe Into an everyday player. That year, he tied for the major-league lead in homeruns with 1 1, and followed that up by setting a single season home run record of 29 dingers in 1919. Little did he know that the 1919 season would be his last with Boston. On December 26, 1919, Babe was sold to the New York Yankees and the two teams would 1 OF2 never De tne same again. After becoming a New York Yankee, Babe’s transition to a full-time outfielder became complete. Babe dominated the game, amassing numbers that had never been seen efore. He changed baseball from a grind it out style to one of power and high scoring games. He re-wrote the record books from a hitting standpoint, combining a high batting average with unbelievable power. The result was an assault on baseball’s most hallowed records. In 1920, he bested the homerun record he set in 1919 by belting a staggering 54 homeruns, a season in which no other player hit more than 19 and only one team hit more than Babe did individually. But Babe wasn’t done, as his 1921 season may have been the greatest in MLB history. That season, he lasted a new record of 59 homeruns, drove in 171 RBI, scored 177 runs, batted . 76 and had an unheard of . 846 slugging percentage. Babe was officially a superstar and enjoyed a popularity never seen before in professional baseball. With Babe leading the way, the Yankees became the most recognizable and dominant team in baseball, setting attendance records along the way. When the Yankees moved to a new stadium in 1923, it was appropriately dubbed â€Å"The House that Ruth Built†. Babe’s mythi cal stature grew even more in 1927 when, as a member of â€Å"Murderer’s ROW’, he set a new homerun record of 60, a record that would stand for 34 years. During his time with the Yankees, Babe ignited the greatest dynasty in all of American sport. Prior to his arrival, the Yankees had never won a title of any kind. After Joining the Yankees prior to the 1920 season, Babe helped the Yankees capture seven pennants and four World Series titles. The 1927 team is still considered by many to be the greatest in baseball history. Upon retiring from the Boston Braves in 1935, Babe held an astonishing 56 major league records at the time, including the ost revered record in baseball†¦ 714 homeruns. In 1936, the Baseball Hall of Fame was inaugurated and Babe was elected as one of its first five inductees. During the fall of 1946, it was discovered that Babe had a malignant tumor on his neck, and his health began to deteriorate quickly. On June 13, 1948, his Jersey number â€Å"3† was retired by the Yankees during his last appearance at Yankee Stadium. Babe lost his battle with cancer on August 16, 1948. His body lay in repose in Yankee Stadium, with his funeral two days later at St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York. In all, over 100,000 people lined up and paid their respects to the Babe. Despite passing over 60 years ago, Babe still remains the greatest figure in major league baseball, and one of the true icons in American history. The Babe helped save baseball from the ugly Black Sox scandal, and gave hope to millions during The Great Depression. He impacted the game in a way never seen before, or since. He continues to be the benchmark by which all other players are measured. Despite last playing nearly 75 years ago, Babe is still widely considered the greatest player in Major League Baseball history. How to cite Babe Ruth, Papers

Nazis Rise to Power-1929-1933 free essay sample

Increased support for the Nazi party in the years 1930-1933: The difficulties faced by the Weimar government in dealing with the economic consequences of the depression. By mid- 1929 Germany was prospering once more. Political stability had been resolved and relations with other countries had improved dramatically. But by the 1930’s things had began to go wrong. The state that The Wall Street Crash left Germany had led to the Weimar government facing difficulties in resolving the economic crisis. As the government failed to deal with the economic problems support for the Nazis grew. It can be argued that the fall of the Weimar Republic led to the rise of the Nazi Party, with the strength of the SA and the Nazis appeal to different groups of society. The failure of the Weimar government to solve the problems faced by Germany during the 1920’s and early 30’s had many consequences and very little effect. As the government lost one of its most important members, â€Å"Stresemann worked hard to rebuild his shattered country and for peace and co-operation abroad. Because of his leadership Germany is now prospering and has an important place in the affairs of Europe†. From this source we can see that the Weimar Republic was also lacking strong leadership which was something Germany needed at that time but they couldn’t provide it. Because of his achievements the government were favoured by most of Germany but as he passed away the government’s plans went down the drain which led to the people of Germany losing faith in them. The Weimar government was faced with a number of problems from the outset. On 29th October the Wall Street Crash shook the world. Share prices hit rock bottom on the New York stock exchange and businesses went bankrupt overnight. German industry could not operate, factories closed and by 1932 there were six million people unemployed. The government was eventually forced to default on reparations, resulting in the French occupying the Ruhr to take resources instead. The workers went on strike, devastating German industry, and eventually leading to hyperinflation and an economic crisis. Germany was in the grip of the Great Depression with a population suffering from poverty, misery and uncertainty. For Hitler, the master speech maker, the long awaited opportunity to let loose his talents on the German people had arrived. He would find in this downtrodden people, an audience very willing to listen. Hitler’s speeches, far from revealing his insanity are examples of his careful, clear sighted planning, intelligent strategies and audience manipulation. Kurt Ludecke first heard Adolf Hitler speak in 1922- â€Å"I studied this slight, pale man, his brown hair parted on one side and falling again and again over his sweating brow. Threatening and beseeching, with small pleading hands and flaming steel blue eyes, he had the look of a fanatic. Presently my critical faculty was swept away he was holding the masses, and me with them, under a hypnotic spell by the sheer force of his conviction†. Kurt Ludecke underlines his specific qualities that caught the nation’s heart at that moment of him giving a speech, showing how his engaging speeches led to the rise of the Nazi party. . In his speeches, Hitler offered the Germans what they needed most- encouragement. He gave them heaps of vague promises while avoiding the details. He used simple catchphrases, repeated over and over. He told the people that they had been betrayed by Jewish bankers and moneylenders; he warned those who would listen that the time had come to rebuild Germanys army and prepare for war against the Communists. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. Hitler pledged something for every part of the German society: work to the unemployed; prosperity to failed business people; profits to industry; expansion to the Army and restoration of German glory to those in despair. He promised to bring order to avoid chaos; a feeling of unity to all and the chance to belong. The people of Germany were tired of their poor quality of life. Hitler vowed that he would make Germany proud again, restore honour- it was exactly what people wanted to hear. The Nazis party appealed to all groups of society so that they could win their trust and vote them into power. They aimed to satisfy every aspect of German worries and needs. A printer’s son commented on his experience of the 1930, â€Å"Anyone who said that I will lead you to the promise land, I will deliver you from evil- anyone who said that then they would be greeted with enthusiasm†- The Nazi party were aware of the what the Weimar government could not provide them with, such as protection from the communists which most Germans needed. This is probably why the Nazi party eventually came to power instead of the several other right wing parties. The Nazis presented n anti-modernist image to the middle classes, claiming to embody traditional German values and to oppose the immoral values of the Weimar Republic. Hitler pledged something for every part of the German society such as farmers increase in products and making up for their losses during the depression, for the unemployed workers they would have jobs building stadiums and roads. He promised middle class people that he would restore profits of small businesses, value of savings and end the communist threat. Also at the time, Hitler began to reorganize the Nazi storm troopers (Sturmabteilung). The SA was ordered to disrupt meetings of political opponents and prevent Hitler from revenge attacks. Frederick T. Birchall described the role of the SA, â€Å"Throughout the day Storm Troopers stood before each polling place with banners calling on the voters to vote ‘Yes’. Otherwise voters remained unmolested. Inside the polling places uniforms and even party emblems had been forbidden, but the execution of this order was lax. In some apparently doubtful districts brown uniforms dominated the scene as a warning to would-be opponents†. This source shows that the SA was most concerned with ensuring that the Nazi Party remained in control. The SA intimidated voters outside of polling stations. They did not stop at anything until they knew everyone was voting ‘yes’ even if it meant involving violence. The SA wore swastika armbands, grey jackets, brownshirts, ski-caps and combat boots. Nazi uniforms along with the Swastika symbol would become important tools in providing recognition and visibility, which would increase public awareness of the Party. In conclusion, after the stock market crash in 1929, Weimar Germany entered a period of economic, political, and social upheaval that destabilized the young republic. The Weimar government had series of unstable coalition governments reducing chances of gaining support from the German people, which resulted in their promise of repairing â€Å" broken Germany â€Å" being a failure. At the height of the crisis, nearly six million Germans were out of work, and the flight of foreign capital ground German industry to a halt. The economic crisis exacerbated existing weaknesses in the political structure of the republic, and Germans lost faith in their government to provide even the most basic of services. The Nazis capitalized on the discontent in the country by using propaganda to deceive the public and turn them against helpless scapegoats, such as the Jews. At the time, the Nazis were promising prosperity, and this must have made the Nazis a very attractive option, especially as they had a strong, charismatic and persuasive leader in Hitler. However all of the above factors played a role in the rise of the Nazi party in the years 1930- 1933 but it is more realistic to say that a combination of circumstances increased the Nazi’s chances of eventually coming to power. Without the economic crisis Hitler would not have been presented with the opportunity to take power ‘put wind into Hitler’s sails’ (A. J. P. Taylor). Therefore without Nazi propaganda, Hitler’s abilities, and opponent’s mistakes; Nazis would not have been able to take power when the opportunity arose.

Real

Social responsibility is a critical issue facing numerous organizations in the world. In this context, IBM faces vital social responsibility issues based on the nature and range of its business and customer focus. IBM is a multinational organization. It manufactures and sells computer software, hardware, mainframe computers, as well as nanotechnology (Szymanski 34).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Real-World Example of a Business Facing a Social Responsibility Issue – IBM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company is among the leading computer and electronic organizations based in New York City, United states. It owns and operates numerous franchise companies and multinational businesses across the globe with major branches in the United Sates, India, and Australia. A critical social responsibility issue facing IBM is the environmental conservation and sustainability. This relates to how the com pany can establish and embrace a sustainable development. Concurrently, the company has to â€Å"give back† to the community through philanthropic programs and supporting corporate social issues. The ultimate goal of IBM is to dominate in the global market with novel computer and consultation products. Its toughest competitors include Microsoft, Dell, Google, Hewlett- Packard Company, and many more. The company has to structure vital social responsibility programs so as to outdo other competitors in the global market (Szymanski 65). The presence of these key players in the PC industry makes the competition intense for IBM. This has forced the company to work out its competitive advantages so as to remain relevant and competent in the market. As a social responsibility issue, IBM has to manage a sustainable development through its strategic business programs. IBM’s objective is to substantially address the needs of its customers. The modern marketing strategies demand o rganizations to create considerable business provisions and sustainable developmental prospects (Williams, 72). In fact, IBM is very good at meeting the needs of its clients despite the challenges. This is how the company has attained its competitive advantages in the global arenas. However, as it continues to grow, IBM has to uphold suitable development through viable environmental protection initiatives. This has allowed the company to remain top in the industry. In the context of management, social responsibility is a critical provision in the business context. Lack of internal environmental protection initiatives has led to unsustainable developmental issues.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That is why several companies and organizations have adopted it to help in bringing accountability. Leadership management pattern at IBM has really contributed to its success in the contexts of social responsibility. In IBM, ethical business provisions are critical values, principles or codes of conduct that the company embraces to ensure that its strategic decisions are virtuous in nature. Social responsibility plays a critical role in ensuring a company’s success. Currently, the organization’s culture sets standards that establish the difference between the good and the bad decisions and behaviors in regard to social responsibility. The company’s leaders are fully responsible for the setting of standards on what should be acceptable while upholding the aspects of social responsibility. Normally, clients have associated IBM brands with standard quality, reliability, and many other intrinsic values. This is due to the fact that brands simply emphasize attributes and meanings to the clients (Williams 76). This grants IBM a critical mandate to deal with the social responsibility issue on sustainable development. For a company dealing with electronics and computers such as IBM, there is a very big need to focus on both the micro and macro factors that can affect the global penetration of their products and environmental protection. Since the computer industry has been expanding tremendously, it is necessary to study the changing economic trends in order to make informed decisions on sustainable development as a social responsibility issue. Works Cited Szymanski, Aleksander. IBM and the business ethics. London: GRIN Verlag, 2011. Print. Williams, Chuck. Management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Real-World Example of a Business Facing a Social Responsibility Issue – IBM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Real-World Example of a Business Facing a Social Responsibility Issue – IBM was written and submitted by user Xavier Davenport to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

westward expansion dbq essays

westward expansion dbq essays Beginning in the early 1800s the United States began a mission of westward expansion. The concept of Manifest Destiny encouraged Americans to spread their civilization all the way to the Pacific Ocean, and even down into Mexico and Central America. However, with a rapidly developing economy, the United States began looking to foreign countries for new markets and materials. With the strengthening of the U.S. navy and nationalism, the United States began to participate in a race for foreign markets. After the Spanish-American War, U.S. citizens were even more zealous in the idea of imperialism. Although pressured with questions of the constitutional rights of new peoples, the United States was able to open new trading markets with valuable sources, such as the Chinese. Expansionism from the nineteenth and early twentieth century was, in fact, a continuation of past United States expansionism, and yet also a departure. Beginning in the 1830s and continuing to the 1860s, the Unite d States adopted the popular belief of Manifest Destiny. They believed they had a divine mission from God to extend their power and civilization across North America. The U.S. continually expanded westward, trying its best to protect themselves from foreign influence, meanwhile gaining such territories as Oregon, California, and New Mexico. However, after their economies began to flourish, the U.S. began to look toward foreign continents to fulfill their needs of worldwide markets and raw materials. Many American conservatives also believed that overseas territories could offer a safety valve for unhappiness at home. Expansionists looked to achieve their gains by economic and diplomatic means, instead of military action, as they did in the past. One concept that was applied to the competition among nations for new land was Darwinism. This theory stated that only the strongest nations survived (Doc. B.) This meant that the United States h...

The Archaeology and History of Bitumen

The Archaeology and History of Bitumen Bitumen- also known as asphaltum or tar- is a black, oily, viscous form of petroleum, a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed plants. It is waterproof and flammable, and this remarkable natural substance has been used by humans for a wide variety of tasks and tools for at least the past 40,000 years. There are a number of processed types of bitumen used in the modern world, designed for paving streets and roofing houses, as well as additives to diesel or other gas oils. The pronunciation of bitumen is BICH-eh-men in British English and by-TOO-men in North America. What Bitumen Is Natural bitumen is the thickest form of petroleum there is, made up of 83% carbon, 10% hydrogen and lesser amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. It is a natural polymer of low molecular weight with a remarkable ability to change with temperature variations: at lower temperatures, it is rigid and brittle, at room temperature it is flexible, at higher temperatures bitumen flows. Bitumen deposits occur naturally throughout the worldthe best known are Trinidads Pitch Lake and the La Brea Tar Pit in California, but significant deposits are found in the Dead Sea, Venezuela, Switzerland, and northeastern Alberta, Canada. The chemical composition and consistency of these deposits vary significantly. In some places, bitumen extrudes naturally from terrestrial sources, in others it appears in liquid pools which can harden into mounds, and in still others it oozes from underwater seeps, washing up as tarballs along sandy beaches and rocky shorelines. Uses and Processing In ancient times, bitumen was used for a huge number of things: as a sealant or adhesive, as building mortar, as incense, and as decorative pigment and texture on pots, buildings or human skin. The material was also useful in waterproofing canoes and other water transport, and in the mummification process toward the end of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt. The method of processing bitumen was nearly universal: heat it until the gasses condense and it melts, then add tempering materials to tweak the recipe to the proper consistency. Adding minerals such as ochre makes bitumen thicker; grasses and other vegetable matter add stability; waxy/oily elements such as pine resin or beeswax make it more viscous. Processed bitumen was more expensive as a trade item than unprocessed, because of the cost of the fuel consumption. The earliest known use of bitumen was by Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals some 40,000 years ago. At Neanderthal sites such as Gura Cheii Cave (Romania) and Hummal and Umm El Tlel in Syria, bitumen was found adhering to stone tools, probably to fasten a wooden or ivory haft to the sharp-edged tools. In Mesopotamia, during the late Uruk and Chalcolithic periods at sites such as Hacinebi Tepe in Syria, bitumen was used for the construction of buildings and water-proofing of reed boats, with among other uses. Evidence of Uruk Expansionist Trade Research into bitumen sources has illuminated the history of the expansionist period of Mesopotamian Uruk. An intercontinental trading system was established by Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (3600-3100 BC), with the creation of trading colonies in what is today southeastern Turkey, Syria, and Iran. According to seals and other evidence, the trade network involved textiles from southern Mesopotamia and copper, stone, and timber from Anatolia, but the presence of sourced bitumen has enabled scholars to map out the trade. For example, much of the bitumen in Bronze age Syrian sites has been found to have originated from the Hit seepage on the Euphrates River in southern Iraq. Using historical references and geological survey, scholars have identified several sources of bitumen in Mesopotamia and the Near East. By performing analyses using a number of different spectroscopy, spectrometry, and elemental analytical techniques, these scholars have defined the chemical signatures for many of the seeps and deposits. Chemical analysis of archaeological samples has been somewhat successful in identifying the provenance of the artifacts. Bitumen and Reed Boats Schwartz and colleagues (2016) suggest that the onset of bitumen as a trade good began first because it was used as waterproofing on the reed boats that were used to ferry people and goods across the Euphrates. By the Ubaid period of the early 4th millennium BC, bitumen from northern Mesopotamian sources reached the Persian Gulf. The earliest reed boat discovered to date was coated with bitumen, at the site of H3 at As-Sabiyah in Kuwait, dated about 5000 BC; its bitumen was found to have come from the Ubaid site of Mesopotamia. Asphaltum samples from the slightly later site of Dosariyah in Saudi Arabia, were from bitumen seepages in Iraq, part of the wider Mesopotamian trade networks of Ubaid Period 3. The Bronze Age Mummies of Egypt The use of bitumen in embalming techniques on Egyptian mummies was important beginning at the end of the New Kingdom (after 1100 BC)in fact, the word from which mummy is derived mumiyyah means bitumen in Arabic. Bitumen was a major constituent for Third Intermediate period and Roman period Egyptian embalming techniques, in addition to traditional blends of pine resins, animal fats, and beeswax. Several Roman writers such as Diodorus Siculus (first century BC) and Pliny (first century AD) mention bitumen as being sold to Egyptians for embalming processes. Until advanced chemical analysis was available, black balms used throughout the Egyptian dynasties were assumed to have been treated with bitumen, mixed with fat/oil, beeswax, and resin. However, in a recent study Clark and colleagues (2016) found that none of the balms on mummies created prior to the New Kingdom contained bitumen, but the custom began in the Third Intermediate (ca 1064-525 BC) and Late (ca 525-332 BC) periods and became most prevalent after 332, during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Bitumen trade in Mesopotamia continued well after the end of the Bronze Age. Russian archaeologists recently discovered a Greek amphora full of bitumen on the Taman peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea. Several samples including numerous large jars and other objects were recovered from the Roman-era port of Dibba in the United Arab Emirates, containing or treated with bitumen from the Hit seepage in Iraq or other unidentified Iranian sources. Mesoamerica and Sutton Hoo Recent studies in pre-Classic and post-classic period Mesoamerica have found bitumen was used to stain human remains, perhaps as a ritual pigment. But more likely, say researchers Argez and associates, the staining may have resulted from using heated bitumen applied to stone tools which were used to dismember those bodies. Fragments of shiny black lumps of bitumen were found scattered throughout the 7th-century ship burial at Sutton Hoo, England, in particular within the burial deposits near remains of a helmet. When excavated and first analyzed in 1939, the pieces were interpreted as Stockholm tar, a substance creating by burning pine wood, but recent reanalysis (Burger and colleagues 2016) has identified the shards as bitumen having come from a Dead Sea source: very rare but clear evidence of a continuing trade network between Europe and the Mediterranean during the early Medieval period. Chumash of California In Californias Channel Islands, the prehistoric period Chumash used bitumen as body paint during curing, mourning and burial ceremonies. They also used it to attach shell beads onto objects such as mortars and pestles and steatite pipes, and they used it for hafting projectile points to shafts and fishhooks to cordage. Asphaltum was also used for waterproofing basketry and caulking sea-going canoes. The earliest identified bitumen in the Channel Islands so far is in deposits dated between 10,000-7,000 cal BP at Cave of the Chimneys on San Miguel island. The presence of bitumen increases during the Middle Holocene (7000-3500 cal BP and basketry impressions and clusters of tarred pebbles show up as early as 5,000 years ago. The fluorescence of bitumen may be associated with the invention of the plank canoe (tomol) in the late Holocene (3500-200 cal BP). Native Californians traded asphaltum in liquid form and hand-shaped pads wrapped in grass and rabbit skin to keep it from sticking together. Terrestrial seeps were believed to produce a better quality adhesive and caulking for the tomol canoe, while tarballs were considered inferior. Sources Argez C, Batta E, Mansilla J, Pijoan C, and Bosch P. 2011. The origin of black pigmentation in a sample of Mexican prehispanic human bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(11):2979-2988.Brown KM. 2016. Asphaltum (bitumen) production in everyday life on the California Channel Islands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41:74-87.Brown KM, Connan J, Poister NW, Vellanoweth RL, Zumberge J, and Engel MH. 2014. Sourcing archaeological asphaltum (bitumen) from the California Channel Islands to submarine seeps. Journal of Archaeological Science 43:66-76.Burger P, Stacey RJ, Bowden SA, Hacke M, and Parnell J. 2016. Identification, Geochemical Characterisation and Significance of Bitumen among the Grave Goods of the 7th Century Mound 1 Ship-Burial at Sutton Hoo (Suffolk, UK). PLoS ONE 11(12):e0166276.Cà ¢rciumaru M, Ion R-M, Nitu E-C, and Stefanescu R. 2012. New evidence of adhesive as hafting material on Middle and Upper Palaeolithic artefacts from Gura Cheii-Rà ¢snov Cave (Romania ). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7):1942-1950. Clark KA, Ikram S, and Evershed RP. 2016. The significance of petroleum bitumen in ancient Egyptian mummies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374(2079).El Diasty WS, Mostafa AR, El Beialy SY, El Adl HA, and Edwards KJ. 2015. Organic geochemical characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous–Early Paleogene source rock and correlation with some Egyptian mummy bitumen and oil from the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8(11):9193-9204.Fauvelle M, Smith EM, Brown SH, and Des Lauriers MR. 2012. Asphaltum hafting and projectile point durability: an experimental comparison of three hafting methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(8):2802-2809.Jasim S, and Yousif E. 2014. Dibba: an ancient port on the Gulf of Oman in the early Roman era. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25(1):50-79.Kostyukevich Y, Solovyov S, Kononikhin A, Popov I, and Nikolaev E. 2016. The investigation of the bitumen from anc ient Greek amphora using FT ICR MS, H/D exchange and novel spectrum reduction approach. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 51(6):430-436. Schwartz M, and Hollander D. 2016. The Uruk expansion as dynamic process: A reconstruction of Middle to Late Uruk exchange patterns from bulk stable isotope analyses of bitumen artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7:884-899.Van de Velde T, De Vrieze M, Surmont P, Bodà © S, and Drechsler P. 2015. A geochemical study on the bitumen from Dosariyah (Saudi-Arabia): tracking Neolithic-period bitumen in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Archaeological Science 57:248-256.Wess JA, Olsen LD, and Haring Sweeney M. 2004. Asphalt (Bitumen). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 59. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Mid-Term Reflection on Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Mid-Term Reflection on Anthropology - Essay Example The Maya has had advanced in mathematics and astronomy. The story says that God created people from maize after several attempts. The idea of a God who creates people from maize is reasonable for the people of South America because they depended on maize. Maize cultivation provided them with enough calories to settle in cities and invest time in pursuit of mathematics and other intellectual pursuits (Morgan 23). The story is almost similar to biblical story because the Heart of the sky creates from nothing. Other than Heart of the sky, another deity of the Mayas was the feathered serpent. This god was part of pantheon of deity believed to have created the cosmos from scratch. This deity is equivalent to Greek gods. In ancient American religions, shamans were people who could achieve altered consciousness and communicate with the spirit world. They played the role of leading in religious rituals and in practicing divination. Based on the story about Mayas, tribal people, their creation, the gods, and the role of shamans in society, it is clear that humanity and civilization goes through the same steps. The first step towards civilization is settlement. Without settled living, it is hard for people to live a civilized life. In South America, the discovery of maize changed the course of the history of Mayas. Maize allowed the Mayas to lead a settled life. Even today, millions of people rely on maize to provide their daily calorie requirement. Maize is a highly productive grain and a single cob produce considerable calories. Once the people have enough to eat through farming, they start engaging in intellectual activities. This explains why the Mayas had made huge advances in mathematics and astronomy. Presence of enough food allowed them the luxury of pursuing these intellectual activities. Another aspect of intellectual pursuit is religious. Tribal people

Some of the important aspects of the software project management Essay

Some of the important aspects of the software project management - Essay Example The paper tells that a software development process or project is initiated to achieve some specific objectives for instance development of a software application to improve the performance of an organization or building a software application to meet users’ requirements. Nowadays, software development firms complete software development processes in the form of projects, which are effectively controlled and managed through an appropriate method acknowledged as software project management. Basically, the process of software project management involves a variety of tasks which are closely connected with each other. And the success or failure of one task can have a significant influence on other tasks. In this scenario, software project management is a systematic method for managing, controlling and setting up project tasks and resources from its beginning to completion. In addition, these resources and tasks can be divided into different stages depending on the size of a projec t. These stages could be initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and completion or termination of the project. In reality, this standard method of the project management can be used to manage any kind of project, because its fundamental goal is to organize the different tasks of project development. On the other hand, the emergence of the latest tools and technologies to manage software projects has not only changed the traditional software development practices but as well modernized them to make them more efficient. These tools allow us for rapid data processing, quick and automated project planning, digital cost planning and estimation, and so on (Project Shrink Publishing, 2012; Hughes & Cotterell, 2005). This report will present a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects of the software project management. We will divide this discussion into two sections. In the first section we will discuss the use of planning tools (software products to help managers develop W BS, NW diagrams, cost/effort/time estimation, etc.) for software project management. In the second section, we will offer an analysis of the cost estimation techniques. Introduction to Software Project Management Software project management is a kind of plan administration that pays attention especially on developing and organizing software projects. Simply like there are billions of ice cream tastes, there are billions of kinds of software systems. However, efficient and successful project managers are able to defeat them both. In software project management, a project normally is a provisional attempt to produce an exclusive service or product. In addition, for the majority of IT people, everything is a project; on the other hand, others believe that projects are particular and high level tasks that happen occasionally. In fact, a project is an exclusive thing. Alternately, the formation of a new implementation is exclusive, while the preservation and everyday support of an existi ng application is not accordingly exclusive (Tomayko & Hallman, 1989; Luckey & Phillips, 2006). Moreover, a lot of researchers believe that project management is simply a set of a wide variety of tasks and activities that are distributed to a number of people by a responsible authority normally acknowledged as a project manager. Additionally, in efficient project management there is no space for goobers. In addition, the successful project management focuses on serious trade of receiving work performed on time, within allocated budget and according to client’s needs and requirements. Furthermore, the successful project management involves various other attributes such as leadership, execution and owning the project capacity. Also, it is an excellent response to sign off on the project and know that we and our project team play a significant role in the project’

Legacies of colonialism in the world today Essay Example for Free

Legacies of colonialism in the world today Essay The colonization of one country by another is rampant throughout history. One country invades and subdues another, extending its sovereignty over the said country or territory for various reasons. Mainly, it is to use the resources of the invaded territory in order to enrich and strengthen itself. As early as the 16th Century, various empires were colonizing nations and territories all over the world. The Portuguese, French, Japanese, British and Spanish were all out to enlarge their territories and empires. When the age of colonialism was finally over, many of the colonized people found that there way of life had changed. Their colonizers had left legacies, both good and bad. Three area’s were the legacy of colonization is felt strongly are economic development, civilization development and cultural transformation. 2. 0 Economic Development Prior to colonization, the indigenous people of any country traded mostly with the surrounding peoples. Most of it was a barter trade that was aimed at making sure there was an even distribution of resources among the people. When the colonizers invaded the countries, they came in search of what resources they could use to enrich their own country, often at the expense of the natives. They looked at agriculture, what crops would easily grow in the region based on the climate of the colony that would satisfy the demands of the people in their home country. They also looked at the natural resources and minerals available in the said colony. In so doing, the colonizers dominated trade, trade routes and even products that could be traded. In the 15th Century Portuguese ships were exploring Africa, Asia and the America’s. Henry the Navigator was pursuing trade in gold and slaves on the West African coast, Bartolomeu Dias was discovering the Cape of Good Hope on the Southern tip of Africa, and Vasco da Gama reached India (Portuguese Empire). Islands like Madagascar, discovered by Trista da Cunha, did not escape. In all these places they established trading posts and fortresses, moving aggressively in their quest to dominate. They took over the ports and controlled trade in the bordering oceans. Brazil, discovered in the year 1500 by Pedro Alvares Cabral, become Portugal’s most important colony. The Portuguese were able to get gold, sugar cane, coffee, precious stones as well as other cash crops from Brazil (Portuguese Empire). 2. 1 Trade in Brazil The economic backbone of present day Brazil is still agriculture, mining and manufacturing. Having discovered the importance of their natural resource during the error of colonization, Brazil’s economy has been doing very well with a GDP per capita of US$ 10,300 estimated in the year 2008 (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009) With the rise of the sugar industry in Brazil established by the Portuguese, it became apparent that there was a great need for labour to ensure that the crop received the needed attention. This gave rise to a new form of international trade with a new product, African slaves. Diagram 1 – Slave Trade Routes Source: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http://www. unc. edu/wrc/maps/08-Map. png Using their connections in Africa, Portuguese slave traders imported slaves by the millions to meet the demand for labour in the sugar plantations (Portuguese colonization). It is important to note though, that slave trade had began way before the need ever arose in Brazil, by the year 1470, the capital of Portugal, Lisbon, was already a major slave port. The rise of coffee plantations in the 19th century further increased the demand for slaves. There were other advantages to Portugal in businesses that were associated with the slave trade. These included the trade of Portuguese commodities that were traded and exchanged for slaves as well as goods produced by the slaves. In this period the Portuguese imported approximately three and a half million slaves (Slave routes, 2009). Due to this importation of slaves as well as the immigration into Brazil of other cultures, native Brazilians today are a minority. Of the approximately 180 Million Brazilians, 55% are Europeans mainly from Portugal, 38% are of mixed African and European descent, 6% are African and 1% are classified as other, which includes Amerindian (Brazil demographic profile). 2. 2 Introduction of new cash crops and plants. When the Portuguese came to Brazil they started the plantation method that had worked very well so far in their African colonies. This plantation method continued even after they left and is still in effect in Brazil today. Seeing as it is the world’s largest producer of coffee, sugar cane, orange juice frozen concentrate and tropical fruit, it is easy to understand why they have kept the plantation method all these years. Additionally, Brazil is also the world’s largest producer of beef, with 170 million head of cattle. Among the other cash crops produced by Brazil are soybeans, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, corn as well as forest products (US Department of State, 2009). Many plants were introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese when they came to colonize. Mangoes were among them, introduced to Brazil in the 1700’s (Tropical fruits). They also introduced rice and coffee, which was introduced in the 1600s and became the major cash crop of Brazil by the 1800s. Additionally, they brought sugarcane from South East Asia in the late 16th Century. Furthermore, the dende palm tree, whose oil is used in making most Brazilian foods was also introduced from Africa in the early 17th century and with it came hot peppers as well. Another plant introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese is okra, used in many Brazilian dishes today (Hamilton, 2005). It is therefore clear that Brazil owes much to their Portuguese colonizers who taught them how to farm by introducing the plantation method, introduced many plants and cash crops that are now the backbone of the Brazilian economy, and brought racial diversity to the country that in turn has created links to many parts of the world. 3. 0 Civilization Development Civilization development is tied in with human development. In many of the colonized territories, though the people had empires already in place, they were not literate, did not written laws or medical facilities. The colonizers brought these aspects to the colonized territories. However, in the process of bringing in their civilized ways, they erased much of the indigenous culture found there. 3. 1 French West Africa Much of West Africa was colonized by the French with a port set up in Senegal in 1659. By the early 1900s, countries like Mali, Benin, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Niger and Guinea were under French rule. They were French subjects and were used in forced labor as well as imprisonment in a bid by the French to expand and maintain their interests. Agriculture was the main economic sector and they farmed cotton and peanuts where the climate allowed. They encouraged migration by the natives to areas where these plantations existed by touting them as wage-earning areas (Ali-Dinar). This is a legacy that has remained and pervaded all of Africa, with people in the countryside migrating to the cities in search of jobs. This has led to the creation of issues related to urban cities such as the creation of slums as low income housing, vices like prostitution as well as high crime rates. By the year 1960 all French West African countries were independent (Ali-Dinar). Diagram 2 – French West Africa Source: Earlham College http://www. earlham. edu/%7Emodelun/images/gif/west-africa. gif 3. 2 Legacy in Government in Senegal Prior to the French Colonization of Senegal, the Wolof Empire was ruling. It was ruled by a King who also doubled up as a religious ruler. The Portuguese, who had already been in Senegal before the French, had a mutually beneficial trade partnership with these people before the French came on the scene. (Wolof Empire, 2009). After they were colonized, the Senegalese people took a new form of Government that was introduced by the French. Even after the French were gone, that same form of government remained. Along with it, laws that had been laid down by the French stayed as well. In so doing, the traditional rulership of the Senegalese people was erased and the new form, which was very French, took over. The constitution, created in 1963, backs up a civilian government that has an executive branch, a judiciary that is independent and a National Assembly. In addition to these, the Senate, which is also legislative, was formed in 1999 (Diajayette). The president has the power to elect his Prime minister and together they elect the Council of Ministers who serve as the cabinet. The National assembly is made up of 140 members while the Senate is made up of 60. Of the 60 in the Senate, 45 are elected to office by local government officials and members of the National assembly, 12 are presidential elections, and Senegalese citizens in the Diaspora have the privilege of electing 3. Senegal is divided into 10 regions that are ruled by a governor. In regards to the Judiciary, Senegal has four courts above the level of tribunals and lower courts. These are the Council of State, the High Court, the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council (Profile-Senegal). In addition to taking on French law and government as the basis of the countries executive, legislative and judicial system, the Senegalese also took on the French education system. Prior to colonization, there were no formal schools of any kind. Today the system includes primary, secondary and tertiary education. Senegal has six national languages and one official language, French (Bruhn, 1984). French is also the language of instruction in tertiary institutions although the Senegalese are undertaking English lessons as well. 3. 3 Formal Education in Senegal Along with the introduction to formal education that opened the Senegalese up to the rest of the world, there was an introduction to medicine. Whereas previously the sick would visit a witch doctor or a medicine man, now they have access to modern medicine. It is important to note that as the colonizers traveled, they brought with them diseases that the natives had no immunity against. As such, many of them died from these diseases since they did not have a cure for the same. This went a long way in causing the defeat of the natives, especially in the America’s where a small pox outbreak would kill almost whole colonies. The diseases brought by the colonizers included chicken pox, typhus, dysentery, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery (Eddins). The legacies of colonialism in government, education and medicine have been beneficial and far reaching.

Pride and the Prejudice Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Jane Aust

â€Å"The power of doing anything with quickness is always prized much by the possessor, and often without any attention to the imperfection of the performance.† (1) Said Mr Darcy. This is one of the world's most popular novels, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice has charmed readers since its publication of the story of the amusing Elizabeth Bennet and her relationship with the aristocrat Fitzwilliam Darcy. During this essay it will explore the construction of characters, in particular it will be Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy also exploring the social situation in which the characters operate and exploring the cultural context (Victorian England). The position of the writer Jane Austen, I find she is trying to say that power is an effect of social structure and not an absolute force imposed on it, nobody is completely powerful or powerless also that power is an effect of unequal relations between people that society recognises as people belonging to certain groups e.g. gender, sexuality, age or profession. Power is related to class and class is related to reputation. The lines of class are strictly drawn. While the Bennett’s, who are upper middle class, they may socialize with the upper-class people like Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy. The main discourse of power represented in this book is Wealth, Class, Family, Marriage and Gender. These are all significant in this book because Pride and the prejudice was written in the 18 - 19th century, (the classic English society), â€Å"where in the rural England it was dominated economically and socially by the landowners whose vast estates were the core of rural life†(2), oth er being men. When females where only meant to maintain there own social and finical reputation by getting married ... ...but the most major would have to be power. This essay explored the construction of characters in the novel most in particular Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy it demonstrated who is powered and disempowered on many different levels of this novel. Although this book is inviting to all readers even if the writing techniques are much different then the language these days it is the reader. In the end the novel it is completely evident that there is power and disempowerment through out the whole book, even if you do not notice it. Althrough the Darcy-Elizabeth and Bingley-Jane marriages, Austen shows the power of love and happiness to overcome class boundaries and prejudices (power). â€Å"In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.† (1) Said Mr. Darcy to Elizabeth.

Electronic Health Record Essay

In the proposed scenario. a Clinical Nurse Specialist ( CNS ) with a Post-Masters Nursing Informatics Certificate has decided that the 100 bed infirmary that she works in would profit from transitioning from paper charting to utilizing an electronic wellness record ( EHR ) system. She has done initial clinical research and has a solid foundation of best-patient-practice grounds that support this alteration. She has besides researched and studied the information on the government’s websites HealthIT. gov. and CMS. gov refering to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health ( HITECH ) Act of 2009. HITECH is a stimulus bundle approved by the US authorities leting $ 19 billion dollars to be divided between infirmaries and physicians â€Å" who demonstrate â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic medical records† ( ARRA HITECH Solutions. 2015 ) . She knows that the best manner to choose and establish an EHR is to piece a squad of members with assorted fortes refering to the ends outlined in the phases of HITECH. Stage 1- Data gaining control and sharing. Stage 2- Advance clinical procedures and Stage 3- Improved results. Each of these phases has it’s ain meaningful usage standards. As seen in the diagram to the left. The CNS Begins by taking the members of her squad from assorted subjects in the infirmary. Because this will intend corporate broad alterations and acceptance. Her list includes the following. from the IT section. a Clinical Nursing Informatacist- chosen for a forte in how nurses interact with package and what is required for nurses to efficaciously care for patients. and the Director of Clinical Informatics- chosen for an overall cognition base of the infirmaries information sciences resources and demands including what package and hardware is presently available. what has worked or failed in the yesteryear and what alterations will necessitate to go on to maintain the infirmary compliant with patient privateness and safety ordinances. She will besides necessitate a Corporate Project Manager to form and circulate information to the assorted off-site entities related to the installations that will necessitate to be on board with this alteration across the corporation. A Chief Medical Information Officer will be cardinal in supplying the position of the doctors and their peculiar demands and ends. and to be a affair for the staff physicians when the EHR rollout occurs. A Chief Information Officer will convey cognition about the hospital’s twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours maps that will necessitate to incorporate into the new EHR along with how those systems presently function. A Chief Nursing Information Officer will hold their finger on the pulsation of each nursing unit and be cognizant of the different user interface demands that will be needed by different sections for the the specific type of flow and care given. Last. a Chief Financial Officer will be able to steer the squad on subjects refering governmental support and current assets along with assisting to make and keep a budget as required with the acquisition of new package and hardware. he will besides be able to work with each department’s budget shapers when the clip comes for apportioning preparation hours and equipment purchases. Along the manner the squad will necessitate to convey in sub-specialists to give information and feedback as they hone the new system. but for now the assembled squad will be responsible for researching. choosing and implementing the best EHR for their infirmary. A. 2 a-e ) Choose 2 real-life computerized direction systems and analyse them by comparing their advantages and disadvantages. urge the best pick to run into the ‘MU’ demands. depict how the characteristics of the recommended system meet the guidelines outlined in the three phases of meaningful usage. depict the impact on quality of patient attention. certification and results. The squad is cognizant that presently they have a computerized system that they use for coverage and tracking labs. radiology and programming. but all certification is paper based. They consider the monetary value point involved with adding faculties to the bing McKesson package V buying and implementing an wholly new EHR called EPIC. EPIC appears to be user friendly and able to seamlessly connect all of the installations under the umbrella of their corporation. They make a list of some of the pros and cons associated with each system. McKesson has the top of being a system they have already worked with and it has different plans that can be pieced together to run into some of the meaningful usage ( MU ) standard for conformity. They already have a working relationship with this seller and some experience with the merchandise. Once the treatment gets traveling. the squad realizes that there are many more bad points than good with McKesson. In their experience. the package faculties are connected in a bit-by-bit manner that makes it hard for plans to interface. Quite often data is merely lost and non retrievable. There are different informations entry systems for the different types of sections i. e. OR. ER. labour & A ; bringing. Med/Surge. radiology. and pharmaceutics. The different systems do non let for across the board data harvest home and that makes it hard and clip devouring to track reportable nursing and CMS indexs. The aesthetics of McKesson are something that is often complained about by the staff. due t o miss of typical colour passage and oculus weariness. Last. the group is really loath to go on on constructing their EHR base with McKesson because the PCPs in the country will non be able to entree infirmary records. and office visit information will non be available to the infirmary based staff. Due to the demand for increased adult male hours in serving McKesson. deficiency of distinct informations sampling. and the hapless continuity of attention related to PCPs non holding entree to hospital informations and frailty versa. the squad decides to take Epic alternatively. Epic has the down side of being a system that will necessitate a big initial spending of financess. The infirmary will hold to buy package. and related hardware. They will hold to spread out the IT and biomedical technology sections to back up and keep the new system and equipment ( something that would hold been necessary to a smaller grade with McKesson ) . They will hold to turn to some retrofitting demands related to wiring and computing machine instillment and in conclusion preparation will be a really large issue. Despite the possible down sides. the squad comes up with a long list of grounds that EPIC is the right system to take. To get down with EPIC is all one system. It allows for seamless interdepartmental interfacing. The PCPs in the country already utilize a version of EPIC and this will let for easy data exchange and a patient’s information will follow them easy. The EPIC system has a medicine rapprochement signifier that is easy viewable to all attention givers and pharmaceuticss in the country. maintaining path of each patients reported medicine dosage and frequence. EPIC has a ‘my chart’ characteristic that allows patients see labs. after visit sum-ups. and to interact with doctors about scheduling. medicines and lab consequences. EPIC has many built in safe guards. including watchword protection. unin terrupted backup and recovery plans so no information is lost. and the seller provides go oning support as needed. EPIC comes in 3 pre-bundled. customizable templets. each already set up to run into the Meaningful Use ( MU ) standard without holding to change the plan. The squad can look at the three available options and find if one fits them absolutely. or happen the closest one and change it to suit their specific demands. Some illustrations of how EPIC will run into the Stage 1 MU standards are computerized physician order entry. look intoing for drug interactions and allergic reactions automatically. tracking demographics. maintaining current diagnosing. medicine and allergy lists. leting patients to hold electronic entree to dispatch sum-ups. and it gives patients electronic entree to doctors. Once the infirmary has used EPIC for at least two old ages. some illustrations of how EPIC will assist run into the Stage 2 MU standards are ongoing patient informations entry and discreet sampling for study coevals. The squad will go on to develop the package that demonstrates interoperability in sharing of lab consequences with other suppliers and systems. Security hazard appraisal will be on-going and built into the system. Smoking position will be tracked on all patients 13 and older and the EPIC package is designed to steer the installation from run intoing the Phase 1 standards to run intoing the Phase 2 standards. Phase 3 MU aims are projected to better results. The squad is waiting on the concluding opinion for what the Phase 3 guidelines will be and in the average clip they have a jutting end of concentrating on primary bar steps and bettering overall population wellness. This will include recommended inoculation reminders. smoking surcease aid. healthy life style and repast planning recommendations. and annually medical examination reminders generated by primary doctors that will crossover to hospital patient charts. Some of the better benefits of EPIC include point and click check in the appraisal Fieldss. this allows for distinct sampling of information. EPIC utilizes a coverage work bench that will reap requested. reportable informations and assemble it into a user friendly templet. This will profit the infirmary by cut downing former man-hours required to happen and roll up informations for clinical quality steps. public wellness coverage. and CMS indexs. Discrete informations trying from EPIC will do the infirmary a benefit to the community every bit good by leting it to track tendencies and supply information to community wellness nurses. EPIC comes with the ability to set up difficult Michigans and reminders that allow real-time users to be cognizant of demands for attention coordination and patient specific followups or recommended proving related to handling chronic conditions. It will besides let for symptom goaded order entry Fieldss to be instantly available in emergent state of affairss where clip taken to look for those things could intend a worse result. This is particularly of import when people present with symptoms of shot or bosom onslaught. Another EPIC benefit is the different degrees of bedside specific PHI protection related to sensitive attention. EPIC has a ‘break the glass’ functionality refering to all sexual assault and psychiatric admits. This map merely allows relevant staff to open and see these patients charts. any others are shown a pop-up warning and a notice is sent to get down an probe of any other individual who logs in to theses charts. The squad is impressed with the information provided by EPIC refering scanning patients and medicines at the bedside and the decrease in medicine mistakes this causes. The scanners will incorporate with the medicine distributing machines already in usage at the infirmary. One of the major benefits of EPIC is the order entry physique. Each doctor. with a minimum sum of preparation. can custom-make the order entry procedure to reflect their demands. Medicine orders are immediately linked to a druggist to duplicate cheque for allergic reactions. and right dosing information. and so the medicine becomes available. via PYXIS machines on the unit for the RN to administrate at the bedside. The bedside dosing requires the patient and medicine to be scanned. further extinguishing possi ble mistakes. and provides a pop-up warning if an exigency override is required during any of these stairss. While the squad acknowledges that developing and clip to go familiar with the new charting and bedside everyday alterations will ab initio impact patient attention in a negative manner. they have a program in head to maintain the patients educated on the new system alterations and the awaited better attention available to the patients across the board from establishing an EHR system. Having the patients ask inquiries and give existent clip feedback will assist the squad tweek their preparation and bedside modus operandis to give better. more organized attention that consequences in traceable results. This is merely an overview of some of the many maps EPIC has that persuaded the squad to take it as the new EHR system for the infirmary. ( EPIC and McKesson related information was culled from the writers ain experience with the systems and personal interviews with multiple members of the information sciences section at St Francis Hospital. Indianapolis campus ) . A. 3 a ) Use of Quality Improvement Data EPIC has point and click appraisal check and a standardised certification format that links related informations. This allows for distinct informations trying related to things like CMS indexs. The infirmary will be able to track conformity with things like ‘door to EKG’ times in the exigency section. Foley catheter usage and attendant CAUTIs. and the clip from when a patient presents with shot symptoms until a cat scan is done and/or whether the patient receives antithrombolytics as a consequence. The infirmary will besides be able to bring forth studies on mistakes that occur the via the Risk Monitor Pro incident tracking package. This will let them to go on researching and bettering procedures. A. 3 B ) Security Standards and Methods EPIC has 24 hr monitoring of staff usage while logged in. and the records they entree. This is of import because 100s of staff members will be utilizing the system and at that place has to be answerability if employees were to look up their ain records. or the records of friends or household. This information can be tracked and the employee interviewed and disciplined if needed. EPIC besides comes equipped with incident coverage package called Risk Monitor Pro. All staff members are encouraged to utilize this format to describe any incident that might justify farther probe. It covers every location. type of employee. type of equipment. patient. visitant or seller. Risk Monitor Pro signifiers are used to describe possible or sensed hurts. faulty equipment. lookout events and things that have the possible to do injury or harm. This information can be followed up on by the hazard direction squad. so that procedure betterment is an on-going procedure. The squad works with members from the IT section and programs for primary informations storage with a redundant back up storage unit that at the same time updates so if the primary waiter fails there is no loss of information. They have besides planned for a 2nd. off site informations storage centre that can be used in instance of exigency to guarantee continuity of services. and maintain things up and running while the primary system is off line for ascents. Last back up tapes will be kept at a 3rd site in instance both of these countries are compromised. and the system can be rebooted and running once more within 72 hours. A. 3 degree Celsius ) Explain how the system will protect patient privateness and meet HIPAA demands EPIC will protect patient privateness in a figure of ways. End User entree is limited to merely being able to entree the information needed to make their occupations. Making the accessible information different for nurses. doctors. enrollment clerks. radiology technicians. commission members etc. Forces will merely be granted entree once they have completed security preparation and have signed certification saying that they understand the legal hazards and duties when accessing protected wellness information ( PHI ) . Persons outside the infirmary will hold entree to EPIC every bit good. for illustration nursing place doctors. They will hold a read merely entree granted. but will necessitate multiple patient identifiers to entree the information. Besides. as mentioned earlier. EPIC will use security related chart difficult Michigans like ‘Break the Glass’ . A. 3 vitamin D ) Explain how the recommended system meets HIPAA demands EPIC helps to run into HIPAA demands with machine-controlled enforcing of entree policies. and pro-active alertness that links straight to the hazard direction section. necessitating strong watchword policies. and automatic logout at terminal user work Stationss. EPIC allows suppliers to protect the unity of informations and retrieve original informations in the instance of it being altered or damaged. EPIC users are required to hold appropriate preparation to be able to entree the system. and can be locked out in the instance of expiration. Portable devices carry encoding package that does non let for 3rd party informations extraction or entree. EPIC can besides rapidly bring forth studies with distinct trying related to assorted signifiers of entree. The bulk of conformity will be the duty of the staff with written policies. documented countenance plans and probe that is ongoing. consistent and documented. A. 3 vitamin E ) Describe how following the system will cut down costs to the organisation Establishing this new system will ab initio bring forth more costs. but in the long tally will salvage the infirmary money in many ways. Meeting the ARRA/HITECH Act demands will assist to countervail those cost with fiscal inducements and avoiding mulcts and punishments. Having readily available trial consequences will diminish the costs and labour associated with reiterating lost or illegible consequences. With superior organisation and informations drumhead tools. the cost for labour associated with analyzing charts separately and bring forthing studies will be exponentially lower. The demand for transcriptionists will be greatly reduced by using command package. Facilities for storage of paper charting cost money for upkeep and staffing. An electronic database should do charge and insurance claims easier to treat and thereby generate gross faster. The clip it takes for doctors to pass traveling over complicated medical histories with patients is greatly reduced by holding that information readily available in a database. â€Å"According to a recent survey. when infirmaries rely on advanced electronic wellness records they can salvage up to 10 per centum per patient admission† ( â€Å"Advanced EHR Cuts Hospital Costss By 10 % Per Admission. † 2014 ) . 4. A ) Explain why active nursing engagement in the planning. choice. and execution of the systems is of import to the success of the execution procedure and meeting meaningful usage demands Active nursing engagement is of import to the success of implementing any procedure that affects care given at the bedside. For the system to be optimized for usage. nursing suggestions and feedback are critical. EPIC knows this and has a squad of nurses on staff to work with the installation in developing end-user interface. ‘Nurses’ from the infirmary include the advocators. CNS’s. NP’s. LPN’s. directors. and bedside attention givers. each with a specific focal point and experiences that are valuable when assisting to make up one's mind how charting should work. Any thing that pulls a nurses attending off from the patient. or is deflecting or hard to work with lessenings the sensed degree of attention and increases the potency for mistakes. The wellness attention ends of meaningful usage include bettering efficiency. safety and quality while diminishing disagreements. affecting patients and their households in their attention. bettering public wellness results. bettering attention coordination. and progressing security and privateness of PHI ( Gregory & A ; Klepfer. 2010 ) . All of these things are the foundation of every interaction a nurse has with a patient. This is why nursing is one of the most sure professions. harmonizing to the Gallup pole web site. nurses come out on top at 80 % when people were asked to rate â€Å"the honestness and ethical criterions of people† in different given Fieldss ( â€Å"Honesty/Ethics in Professions | Gallup Historical Trends. † n. d. ) . Because standard nursing attention already meets the ends outlined for meaningful usage. the most of import thing the mean nurse can make is to work hard to be competent using the selected EHR package. Advanced users and nurse leaders are of import to assist steer the EHR choice procedure in the way that will better the bedside interactions and user interface. Clinical nurse specializers have advanced instructions and convey the nursing doctrine to the choice and execution procedure. All of these functions are critical to the success of any EHR execution.

Brand Management Summary Essay

Constructs: * Consumer based brand equity: The differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing of the brand. It involves consumers’ reactions to an element of the marketing mix for the brand in comparison with their reactions to the same marketing mix element attributed to a fictitiously named/unnamed version of the product or service. * Brand knowledge: a brand node in memory to which a variety of associations are linked: * Brand image: set of brand associations in a consumers’ memory. It are perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consumer memory. Brand image is defined by: * Type of Brand associations: * Attributes: Non-product related or product related. * Benefits: Functional, experiential or symbolic. * Attitudes * Favorability, Strength and Uniqueness of Brand associations * Brand awareness: recall and recognition by consumers. It is about the strength of the brand node or trace in memory. Findings: * A brand is said to have a positive (negative) customer-based brand equity if consumers react more (less) favorably to the product, price, promotion, or distribution of the brand than they do to the same marketing mix element when it is attributed to a fictitiously named or unnamed version of the product or service. * Favorable CBBE can lead to enhanced revenue, lower costs, greater profits, larger margins, less elasticity, increased marketing communication effectiveness and licensing opportunities. * Pricing, distribution, advertising and promotion strategies stimulate CBBE. * Building CBBE requires creating a familiar brand name and a positive brand image. * Measuring CBBE can be done (1) indirectly by measuring sources of brand knowledge or (2) directly by measuring the effects of brand knowledge on consumer response to elements of the marketing  mix. * Managing CBBE: (1) take a broad and long-term view of marketing a brand (2) specify the desired consumer knowledge structures and core benefits for a brand (3) consider a wide range of traditional and nontraditional advertising, promotion and marketing options (4) coordinate the marketing options that are chosen (5) conducting tracking studies and controlled experiments (6) evaluate potential extension candidates. Implications: * Marketing activity can potentially enhance or maintain consumers’ awareness of the brand or the favorability, strength or uniqueness of certain associations. * This enables making short- and long-term decisions better and more insightful. Article 2: Esch, Franz-Rudolf, Tobias Langer, Bernd H. Schmitt and Patrick Geus (2006), â€Å"Are Brands Forever? How Brand Knowledge and Relationships Affect Current and Future Purchases,† Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15, 2, 98-105 Constructs: * Brand attributes: awareness, image, perceived quality, perceived value, personality, and organizational associations. * Brand knowledge attributes: awareness and image, where awareness is a necessary condition to build brand image. * Brand relationships: * Satisfaction: the exchange aspects of a relationship. It’s about giving vs. receiving. * Trust: the feeling that is the outcome of a communal relationship with a brand. * Attachment: a longer-lasting, commitment-inducing bond between the brand and the consumer. Satisfaction and Trust lead to brand Attachment. * Behavioral outcomes: Current purchase behavior and future purchase behavior. Findings: * Current purchases are affected by brand image directly and by brand awareness indirectly. * Future purchases are not affected by either dimension of brand knowledge directly, but brand knowledge does affect future purchases via a brand relationship path that includes brand satisfaction, brand trust and attachment to the brand. Concluding, brand knowledge is not sufficient to build long-term brand relationships. However,  relationship variables are critical for predicting future purchases as well as current purchases. * Brand awareness does not significantly affect brand satisfaction and brand trust. * Brand awareness affects brand image and both are direct determinants of current consumer purchase behavior. Implications: * Currently, brand managers measure brand awareness and brand image. They should also consider brand relationship measures and develop strategic and tactical initiatives that ensure that consumers are satisfied with the brand, trust it and feel attached to it if they wish to achieve long-term success. Lecture notes (27-08-2012): Introduction to Brand Management Once, products were un-differentiable, often sold loose, the quality varied significantly and many people made the same thing. To make buyers prefer your ‘commodity’, brands were introduced: * A name, sign or symbol intended to identify the goods & services of one (group of) sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition. It creates reputation, awareness and prominence. Organizations perceive brands as physical products, where customers perceive it as psychological products, since they want to buy brands and not simply products. A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a need or want. It consists of 4 levels: Core benefit, tangible product, augmented product and total product. * A brand is a product, but one that adds other dimensions that differentiate it in some way from other products designed to satisfy the same need. It makes products different in a rational, tangible, symbolic, emotional and intangible way. In reality, the most valuable assets are intangible ones. A brand is important for * Customers because: it’s an identification of a production source, it assigns responsibility to the maker, it reduces risk, it reduces search cost, it forms a bond / pact with the maker of the product, it is a symbolic device, and a sign of quality. * Manufacturers because: it allows identification to simplify handling or tracing, it allows legal protection of unique features, it’s a signal of quality level, it endows unique associations to products, it’s a source of competitive advantage and a source of financial returns. As long is something is perceived as different, from the product category, it is branded. It should be given a label and provided a meaning. Types of things that can be branded: 1) Physical goods 2) Services 3) Retailers & Distributors 4) Online products and Services 5) People and Organizations 6) Sports, Arts and Entertainment (experience goods like Walt Disney and Pixar) 7) Geographic Locations 8) Ideas and Causes. Brands Fail because market conditions change, where some companies fail to adapt (inertia). Business Challenges & Opportunities: * Savvy customers: More experienced customers demand more than respect. * Brand proliferation: few products are ‘mono’ branded nowadays. Often, complex brand families and portfolios are required. * Media fragmentation: New methods of communication arise (internet) and expenditures appear to shift from advertising to promotion. * Increased costs: Developing new products is costly so team up with other brands. * Increased competition: Differentiation becomes more difficult, markets start to be more mature and low-priced competitors arise. Consider brand extensions. * Greater accountability: Engage short-term performance orientation, make sure you have your figures right. Customer Based Brand Equity: (1) Differential effect that (2) brand knowledge has on (3) consumer response to the marketing of that brand. Marketing a product should make the consumers’ response more favorable compared to not branding the product. Types are: * Consumer brand equity: A positive, strong, active and unique meaning of the brand. * Financial brand equity: enables earning more in  the short and long run. The Strategic Brand Management Process (to build, measure and manage brand equity): 1. Identify and Establish brand positioning and values: It is your attempt to get in the mind of the consumer in a distinct and valued place. This includes mental maps, a competitive frame of reference, points of parity & difference, core brand values and brand mantra. It is also about who is in your market. 2. Plan and implement brand marketing programs: The mixing and matching of brand elements (visual or verbal?), integrating brand marketing activities and leverage of secondary associations that convey meaning to consumers. 3. Measure and interpret brand performance: Use brand value chains (how will our activities influence what customers think, feel and do), audits, tracking, and equity management systems. What is a Business Value Chain: a. Customer brand equity management goal: build, sustain, and leverage a strong, active and unique meaning of the brand. b. Financial brand equity goal: to enable more earnings in the short and long run. 4. Grow & Sustain brand equity (how to improve things): concepts that are used are brand-product matrixes (shows all brands and products sold by one firm), brand portfolios and hierarchies, brand expansion strategies and brand reinforcement and revitalization. The 6 deadly sins of branding: 1. Brand Memory loss: don’t forget what a brand stands for, don’t change identity. 2. Brand Egoism: overestimating your (supplying) capabilities and importance. 3. Brand Deception: Don’t include fictional ingredients that appear healthy or try to cover the reality of your product. 4. Brand fatigue: Companies are bored with their brands, causing a lack of creativity. 5. Brand paranoia: Too much focus on competition instead of product quality. 6. Brand irrelevance: Not staying ahead of the product category’s market. Lecture notes WC week 1 (29-08-012 / Red Bull Case): Sources of brand equity for Red bull: * First mover advantage, premium pricing, and special ingredients  (taurine). * New market creation (energy drink), and an all round occasion product. * Sampling often, source efficacy, cool image, limited availability, and specific associations such as sports and athletes. Their strategy is a global approach. Tactics are always similar, and sports are always important. How does the marketing program contribute to the brand equity: * They have a broad positioning, aiming for high quality and high price, being a premium product and being exclusive. Some terminology: * Disruptive products are those that break the rules, the normal way of doing business. * They do so ‘below the line’ by using exceptional promotion activities. * They do so ‘above the line’ by using out of the box marketing. * Share of voice: Share of expenditures on advertising, as a share of the product category. * Share of belly: Share in all types of drinks consumption. * The most important things for branded products are involvement and interest. * ‘Jump on the bandwagon’ means following the mainstream (Bullit vs. Red Bull). Why are Red bull’s advertisements so successful and how do they maintain their marketing monumentum? * High integration and a consistent program. * Limited availability, which causes buzz marketing. * Their ads use a specific humorous tone of voice, which builds awareness. Findings of the energy drink experiment: * All energy drinks increase blood pressure. Placebos only do so under high motivation. Red bull and brand extensions (the key to success is a ‘fit’ with your brand): * What did they do already? Shots, different tastes, Red Bull cola, Premix with alcoholics, refrigerators, and using different sizes. * Which ones were successful? Different sizes, sports events, magazines, shows, and the flagship store that sells a lot of merchandise. * Which ones were unsuccessful? Different tastes, Cola, and energy shots. Week 2: Branding Objectives: Values, Identity and Positioning Article 1: Brown, Tom J., Peter A. Dacin, Michael G. Pratt and David A. Whetten (2006) â€Å"Identity, Intended Image, Construed Image, and Reputation: An Interdisciplinary Framework and Suggested Terminology,† Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34, 2, 99-106 Constructs according to CED (Central, enduring, and distinctive organizational level of analysis): * Identity: An individual’s self-difinition / who are we as an organization. * Organizational identity: the property of a social group rather than an individual. * Intended Image: mental associations about the organization that organization leaders want important audiences / stakeholders to hold. * Construed image: Mental associations that organization members believe individuals or multiple people outside the organization hold about the organization. * Reputation: mental associations about the organization actually held by others outside the organization. Findings: * Image concerns what an organizational member wants others to know about the organization, while reputation is a perception of the organization actually held by an external stakeholder. * Corporate associations belong with the stakeholder, not to the organization. They may be influenced by a variety of outside sources: competitors, industry analysts, consumer activists and the media in addition to communications from the company. Implications: * Not mentioned Article 2: Coleman, Darren, Leslie de Chernatory and George Christodoulides (2011) â€Å"B2B Service Brand Identity: Scale Development and Validation,† Industrial Marketing Management, 40, 1063-1071 Constructs: * B2B service brand identity: the strategist’s vision of how a B2B service brand should be perceived by its stakeholders. It consists of the following scale dimensions: * Marketing Culture: unwritten policies and guidelines which provide employees with behavioral norms. It’s also about the importance an organization places on the marketing function. * Client relationship management: relationships with customers are the  cornerstone of industrial marketing. Therefore, the quality of CRM is very important. * Corporate Visual identity: logos can simplify the process of communicating brand benefit by being visual metaphors. They also help distinguishing a brand. * Integrated marketing communications: they help an organization’s brand identity manifest. For B2B, communications focus on organization rather than products. * Brand personality: The strength, favorability and uniqueness of the brand personality association. It should be easy to describe by clients, and f avourable. Findings: * After two factor analyses, the paper chose to rename some dimensions: * Employee & client focus: The organization treats employees & clients as an essential part of the organization, will help them in a responsive manner, will discover and respond to their needs, and top management is committed to providing quality service. * Corporate visual identity: Our font and logo is an important part of our visual identity, which makes us recognizable. * Brand personality: Associations are extremely positive and favorable, and clients have no difficulty describing them. * Consistent communications: There’s a good understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of all communication tools. Furthermore, Advertising, PR and Sales are providing consistent messages. * Human resource initiatives: There are employee-training programs designed to develop skills required for acquiring and deepening client relationships. Moreover, the organization regularly monitors employees’ performance. * The model is now empirical instead of conceptual. In addition, it is a synergistic network since all dimensions are highly correlated. Implications: * When managers want to asses the effectiveness of B2B service brand identity efforts, they should focus on either one or multiple of the above mentioned dimensions and measure them over time. Article 3: Chernev, Alexander, Ryan Hamilton and David Gal (2011) â€Å"Competing for Consumer Identity: Limits to Self-Expression and the Perils of Lifestyle  Branding,† Journal of Marketing, 75, May, 66-82 Constructs: * Self-expression of lifestyle and social identity: this is enabled by a huge degree of customization for certain products and also by social media. Findings (keep in mind that all findings discuss short-term effects): * Consumer brand preferences are a function of the activities they were involved in prior to evaluating a given brand. This finding holds because the need for self-expression is finite and ultimately can be satiated. This means that the need for self-expressive brands decreases as the number of alternative means of self-expression increases. * The extent to which consumers use brands to express their identities is not limited to self-expressive brands in the same category but it is also a function of the availability of alternative means of expressing identity. Satiation is caused by: * Personal brand relevance: how close is the brand related to your identity. Brands evaluated later in a set were more likely to be rated lower or equivalent in terms of personal relevance. * Perceived brand uniqueness: How brands are perceived to be different. * Consumers’ willingness to pay. * Increasing the prominence of self-expressive brands that are already a part of a consumer’s identity is likely to weaken future brand preferences. This holds between and across product categories. This effect is more pronounced for symbolic than functional brands: * Brand associations should be distinguished: Functional and symbolic associations. * Increasing the need for self-expression (e.g. by threatening identity) has the effect of strengthening brand preferences. * Self-expressive behavioral acts such as product customization can lead to identity saturation, weakening consumers’ brand preferences. Implications: * Brands might possibly compete across categories and become a part of a person’s identity. * Lifestyle branding has proven to be successful for many brands. However, managers may be trading fierce within-category  functional competition for fierce across-category symbolic competition when doing so. All self-expressive brands could end up competing with one another, and possibly even non-brand self-expressive items and social media. * More practical: It might be unattractive to have a shop with self-expressive products next to another shop selling such (Apple Store). Article 4: Naresh, Sheena G. (2012) â€Å"Do Brand Personalities Make a Difference to Consumers?,† , Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 31-37 Constructs: * When associated to image, brand uniqueness or identity is the arrangement of words, ideas and associations that structure the total perception of the brand. * Brand personality: the set of human characteristics associated with the brand. It makes brands more interesting, memorable, and it makes people more aware. The Big 5: * Sincerity: Down to earth, honest, wholesome, cheerful (Douwe Egberts). * Excitement: Daring, spirited, imaginative, up to date (Porsche). * Competence: reliable, intelligent, successful (ABN AMRO). * Sophistication: Upper class, Charming (Mercedes). * Ruggedness: Outdoorsy, Tough (Levis, Nike, Marlboro). * Brand personality statement: what personality managers want their consumers to perceive. * Brand personality profile: what the consumers are thinking and feeling about the brand. Findings: * Sentimental brand personalities are common for all fast moving consumer goods. Secondly, most FMCGs are characterized as young, successful and inspiring. Finally, success, friendliness, trendiness, uniqueness, modernization and glamour are often found. Implications: * Marketers should focus on strengthening their strategies by emphasizing personality traits of their brands. This can cause strategic changes in brand positioning or communications. Lecture notes Week 2 (03-09-2012): If your customers don’t know who you are, they won’t buy. You have to show who you are in order to do business. The circle of brand management: * Strategists propose an identity by using a certain strategy marketers and PR build on this strategy by choosing a position and messaging this position (potential) customers generate a brand image based on these messages strategists can again build a strategy to reposition the image of the consumers.  §1: Brand Identity: How strategists want the brand to be perceived: * It explains whether an ad suits the brand, whether new products should be launched inside or outside the brand boundaries, how far can we change our communication style regionally and internationally, or whether sponsorship would ‘fit’ the brand. * Definition: the unique composition of physical, social and psychological components of a brand as far as they are crucial, lasting and remarkable. * What’s the vision & aim of a company, what makes it different, what are its values, what need is the brand fulfilling, what is its permanent nature, and what signs make it recognizable. * Aspects: CED: Central, Enduring (whether it’s consistent over time) & Distinctive. * Components: Physical (external characteristics, logo), Psychological (experiences, character, point of view), Social (spokesperson, category, relationship, users).  §1.1 Heritage, consisting of history, consistency, passion and leadership. Effects are: * (1) Authentic real (2) trustworthy safe (3) intimate warm (4) expert excellence in performance and experience. * Sources are people, the firm itself, and region & nation; human capital, social capital, cultural capital & natural capital. * Country of origin is very important, and countlessly many papers have covered it.  §1.2 Personality & Values: * For the Big Five personality indicators/dimensions, see page 9 article 4. * Prototypical cues help distinguishing things between product categories. It also helps in creating expectance. * Values are stable,  desirable modes of conduct or abstract end-states that direct behavior. Milton R. defined 18 instrumental & 18 terminal values that can be used to find identity. * Core brand values: abstract associations that characterize the 5 to 10 most important aspects or dimensions of a brand. These serve the foundation of a brand strategy, and in particular the POPs and PODs (see page 11). For BMW this would be stylish driving, for Marlboro the cowboy life. * Brand Mantras: the ‘heart and soul’ of a brand: a 3-to-5 word phrase that captures the essence or spirit of the brand positioning and values. Malibu: seriously easy going. Here, campaigns are more about context rather than content; the expression of the brand is more important than the brand itself. Brand mantra’s consist of: * (1) Brand function (Authenticity for NIKE), (2) Descriptive modifier (Athletic for NIKE), (3) Emotional modifier (Performance for NIKE). * Implementing a mantra requires: communication simplification inspiration.  §1.3 Vision: The brand’s dream about the future. It is about shaping the category and improving customers’ welfare. Visions are provocative and can guide short-term behavior by communicating direction. The Brand Identity Prism to the left discusses (1) physique (features, symbols, attributes), (2) Personality, (3) Culture (set of values), (4) Relationship (beliefs and associations), (5) Reflection (consumers’ perception) and (6) Self-image (What the consumer thinks of himself).  §1.4 Brand Image: How the brand is actually perceived: * Identification: Brand awareness & category structure. * Qualification: Brand associations & meaning structure.  §2 Brand Positioning: The part of the brand identity and value proposition to be actively communicated to a target audience. It is the act of designing the company’s offer and image so that it occupies a distinct and valued place in the target customer’s minds. The following paragraphs represent the steps that should be taken when positioning a brand.  §2.1 (step A) Frame of Reference: Who is the target customer and who are the main competitors? Here, we define category membership: * Target markets can be defined by  segmentation. Segmentation can be done on the basis of consumers (descriptive, behavioral, psychographic or geographic) or B2B (nature of the goods, buying conditions, demographics). Combinations are also possible. Criteria: * Identifiability, size, accessibility, responsiveness. * Take into account that there are different types of competition, namely on product type, category or class. In addition, competition may occur at benefit level rather than attribute level (see paper 3 page 8). * When comparing at category level, 1 brand is the reference brand and several others are compared to that. If you’re the reference brand, consider improvements on prices and quality. Be aware that decreases in attributes hurt more than for non-reference brands. When you’re not a reference brand, any POD from the reference brand is a loss. Therefore, reference brand have competitive advantages. * Prospect theory: Extra value diminishes as available gains increase. * When you’re launching a new brand, all ‘usual’ category characteristics will first have to be transferred. ‘Creating’ a category is not advised and very expensive (Subway food). Copying prototypical cues can be used by the follower brand to be accepted in the category (e.g. fast food using Red & Yellow / McDo).  §2.2 (step B) POPs & PODs are chosen after defining the frame of reference: * Points of Parity: How is the brand similar to others in the category, how can they be associated and compared. Moreover, which associations are shared? Category POPs are necessary to be a legitimate and credible product offering within a category. Competitive POPs negate PODs of competitors. * Points of Difference: How is the brand different to others in the category? It’s about brand associations that are unique to the brand and favorably evaluated by consumers. They can be functional (performance related) or abstract (imagery-related). They’re also closely related to unique selling propositions, competitive advantages and distinctive competences. They’re more difficult to obtain than POPs. PODs and POPs can be defined using the following typology: Intrinsic product differentiation, Design/Style differentiation, Symbolic Differentiation, Channel Differentiation, Price Differentiation, Customer Service differentiation, Customer intimacy differentiation. Choosing PODS and POPs  is based on: * Desirability: Relevance, distinctiveness and believability. * Deliverability: Feasibility, communicability and sustainability.  §2.3 (Step C) Establishing POPs and PODs: This can be difficult since many POPs and PODs are negatively correlated (e.g. High quality and low price). Methods that can solve this problem are (1) separation of attributes (2) Leveraging equity of another entity (3) redefining the relationship.  §2.4 Use and usage situation: What is the brand promise and consumer benefit? And what is the occasion when the product will be consumed? The best moment to confront customers with product (advertisements) is when they really need it (e.g. In India, detergent ads are place on top of buses, since everyone does their laundry on the balcony where they see these tops).  §2.5 Statement and tags Are the current looks and ingredients compatible with its positioning? There are multiple elements that will evaluate and choose a brand positioning: 1. The Target audience 2. The compelling benefit 3. The reason why customers should believe the PODs 4. Product Name 5. Product Category Week 3: Special Branding Strategies Article 1: Keller, Kevin Lane and Philip Kotler (2012) â€Å"Branding in B2B firms† in: Handbook of Business-to-Business Marketing, edited by Gary l. Lilien and Rajdeep Grewal, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK. Constructs: * B2B branding: might not be needed because buyers are experienced and fully informed, it’s more about the buying experience, it involves  unnecessary costs, effects are only short-term, calculating ROI is difficult, brand building is complex and because it doesn’t significantly influence the buyers’ final decision. Findings: * The Brand Management Scorecard: a. Managers understand what the brand means to customers. b. The brand is properly positioned.  c. Customers receive superior delivery of the benefits they value most. d. The brand takes advantage of the full repertoire of branding and marketing activities available to build brand equity. e. Marketing and communications efforts are seamlessly integrated. The brand communicates with one voice. f. The brand’s pricing strategy is based on customer perceptions of value. g. The brand uses appropriate imagery to support its personality. h. The brand is innovative and relevant. i. For a multiproduct, multi-brand firm, the brand hierarchy and brand portfolio are strategically sound. j. The firm has in place a system to monitor brand equity and performance. * Steps to build and manage a strong brand: a. Ensure the organization understands and supports branding and the role of brand management. Moreover, internal branding is important (next two steps): b. Horizontal and vertical alignment: branding efforts should be understood by all. c. Brand mantras: (see p10  §1.2) will consistently reinforce and support the brand. a. A General Electric application: for this firm, more then a brand mantra was integrated successfully through 11 different businesses. d. Adopt a corporate brand strategy if possibly and create a well-defined brand hierarchy: (Carefully) decide on brand architecture (distinctive brand elements applied to the different products sold by the firm). Corporate branding is preferred. e. Corporate credibility: competence in delivery and satisfaction for the client. It depends on expertise, trustworthiness and likability. f. Brand hierarchy: Significantly different sub-businesses require sub-brands. g. Frame Value Perceptions: Strive for differentiation and value rather than  commoditization. Framing is about how clients currently think and choose among products and services, and then determining how this ideally should be. h. Link non-product-related imagery associations: Apple is perceived as an innovative brand, where Microsoft is more of an aggressive firm. Consider how dimensions of corporate credibility affect decisions of the B2B customer. i. Uncover relevant emotional associations for the brand: Security, social approval and self-respect definitely play a role. In addition, how do risk and feelings influence a customers decision making? j. Emotions and decision-making: Ultimately, individuals rather than organizations make purchasing decisions. These people are influenced by emotions & ratio. k. Segment Customers carefully and develop tailored branding and marketing programs. Should there be a uniform image within and across firms? l. Segmentation within organizations: the ‘buying center’ brings together initiators, users, influencers, deciders, approvers, buyers and gatekeepers. People fulfill multiple of these tasks, but all should be approached with identical messages. m. Segmentation across organizations: careful customer analysis is required for successful segmentation. Implications: Not mentioned. Article 2: Desai, Kalpesh Kaushik and Kevin Lane Keller (2002) â€Å"The Effects of Ingredient branding Strategies on Host Brand Extendibility,† Journal of Marketing, vol. 66, (January), 73- 93. Constructs: * Line extensions: minor product changes in the host brand, possibly already introduced by others in the category. When these changes are branded, they’re further defined as: * Slot-filler brand expansions: the level of one existing product attribute changes. * New attribute expansion: an entirely new attribute or characteristic is added to the product. * Self-branded ingredient: the host brand includes and creates a new self-brand. * Co-branded ingredient branding: using associated brands as ingredients (Dell & Intel) that are supplied by another firm. Findings: * For Slot-filler expansions, a cobranded ingredient facilitates initial expansion acceptance, but a self-branded ingredient leads to more favorable subsequent category extension evaluations. Subjects appeared not to credit the host brand for the cobrand association in evaluating subsequent extensions, and if anything, they held it against the host brand. * For new attribute expansions, a co-branded ingredient leads to more favorable evaluations of both the initial expansion and the subsequent category extension. Because a self-branded ingredient did not help ‘broaden’ the equity of the host brand, and because the host brand may have lacked credibility, an extension involving a self-branded ingredient was less favorably evaluated. * Should ingredients be branded? Yes, it improves the competitiveness of the host brand and it’s a signal of quality when combining high quality brands. Implications: * Besides helping improve the competitiveness of the host brand, the new attribute can, in some cases, expand the usage of the host brand. * Co-branding might enhance short-term equity of a host and its value, even under low fit. However, in the long-term co-branding will require more fit to the category. After all, they’re borrowing and not generating equity themselves. * Evaluations of slot-filler extensions suffer after the cobrand that was originally used in the expansion is dropped from the extension. Article 3: Gussoni, Manuela and Andrea Mangani (2012) â€Å"Corporate branding strategies in mergers and acquisitions,† Journal of Brand Management, I 350-213IX, 1-16 Constructs: * Corporate name is a strategic marketing asset and carries the corporation’s reputation. * Mergers & Acquisitions: can be classified as: * Conservative: the new entity adopts the acquirer’s or the target’s corporate name. * Innovative: the new entity uses a mixed or new name. * Horizontal: if the combining entities are active in the same  industry and produce similar goods & services. * Vertical: if the combining entities are active in the same industry but at separate production stages (buying buyers or suppliers). * Divisional acquisition: acquiring /merging only some divisions of companies. * Diversification: if the combining entities are active in separate industries * Financial investments: if a financial investor, typically a private equity investment firm, acquires a manufacturing or service company. Findings: * Divisional acquisition, vertical integrations, diversifications and the sectors involved do not affect the probability of the strategy being innovative. * Inventing a new name for a target is unusual. * Innovative brand strategies are more probably in the case of mergers (as opposed to acquisitions), horizontal M&As and financial investments. More specifically, a mixed name is the preferred option since value and reputation of both names will be involved. * When doing a financial investment, the acquirer doesn’t transfer it’s name, but chooses between keeping the acquired name or changing it in case of bad reputation. * Horizontal M&As tend to extend the name of the acquirer to the target. Implications: * Management and chanting of brands and corporate names may have a profound impact within organizations. Therefore we recommend carefully interpreting our and other studies regarding naming strategies. * Marketing during a M&A process is often underestimated. Article 4: Ilicic, Jasmina and Cynthia M. Webster (2012) â€Å"Celebrity co-branding partners as irrelevant brand information in advertisements,† Journal of Business Research Constructs: * Celebrities are identified as co-branding partners, where two brands (one being the celebrity) are paired with one another in a marketing context such as an advertisement. * Their should be a match between the  celebrity and brand image to achieve positive effects on consumer attitudes. * A celebrity not only provides consumers with relevant brand information when they convey characteristics pertinent to the brand but also when they mention information relevant to the endorsed brand. * Irrelevant information provided by a celebrity endorser also aids in making a judgment about whether the brand is able to deliver the benefit according to the consumer. This holds regardless of whether relevant brand information is also present. * Dilution effect in marketing: Dilution of consumers’ beliefs might occur when a celebrity provides both irrelevant and relevant brand information. This effect is present regardless of whether consumers perceive the celebrity to match or mismatch th e brand. Findings: * When a celebrity co-branding partner does not provide information about the partner brand nor brand benefits but plays a peripheral role, consumer judgments in the ability of the partner brand to deliver benefits, their purchase intent and their match-up perceptions become less positive. * Consumer brand benefit beliefs and purchase intentions show evidence of a dilution effect only when consumers perceive a mismatch between the celebrity and brand and when presented with irrelevant information supplied by a celebrity in addition to relevant brand information. When purely relevant information is presented, dilution does not occur. * Dilution occurs on perceived brand benefits, purchase intentions and match-up perception between the celebrity and the brand. Implications: * Ensure that a celebrity co-partner does not provide irrelevant brand information within advertisements to avoid brand benefit belief, purchase intent and match-up dilution. * Advertisements should feature an irrelevant and incongruent celebrity in combination with relevant brand information.